Farm to Factory: A Reinterpretation of the Soviet Industrial ...
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The Soviet Union was the perfect failure, and says no shortage of people during and especially after his lifetime. So, to argue the contrary, that the new book by Robert Allen does, certainly presents a provocative hypothesis.Allen's argument is that from 1928 to 1970, the Soviet Union was one of the world's fastest growing economies, with few rivals in the world. However, the high growth rate under the last tsars was not sustainable. Collectivization seems to have encouraged industrial growth, but not enough to undo the horrible loss of life from famine in 1932-33. Unfortunately, sound investment decisions in the seventies and eighties led to the rapid decline in growth rates and the collapse of the system. Allen 's argument does not start well, as he seems to separate development of Russia from Europe altogether.This coincides with the argument by Marshall Poe that Russia should not be considered European at all. This is misleading. It's true that in terms of poverty, the rural population and demographic structure, Russia was behind the rest of Europe. But this does not mean that it is radically different from him. Russia is Christian, not Muslim. Russian is a Slavic language and Slavic languages are those of Europe. Serfdom and feudalism are the European institutions separate from the Ottoman Empire and the Mughals. But Allen is back on track soon.The essential fact of comparative economic performance is that the core high-income remains generally the same, while those outside it further behind (relatively). Sometimes a country is able to enter the club up-core, like Japan, and sometimes another country is expelled, like Argentina. Given this stability, the success of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1970, where he has surpassed all other developing countries, except Japan, more like impressive.But was not a high economic growth under the czars? Certainly, it would not reach the heights held by Western Europe?Clearly not, "Allen said, which would require an average of 3.3% growth rate from 1913 to 1989, a rate only held by one country, Japan. Specifically the tsarist economic strategy faces serious problems. literacy rate in Russia were far below Japan. Much of the growth in agriculture has been the result of the growth of wheat. If Russia continues to be an exporter of wheat he would have faced the disaster of the collapse in wheat prices in the depression. Indeed, it would have done worse. Argentina boom did not last own wheat, rich and even in Australia with a relative decline.Meanwhile most of the growth of the railway was over in 1913, while attempts to promote the cotton industry have been scrambled by protectionism wrong. Allen then discusses the crisis of the NEP. Given the limits of Soviet territory, agricultural production can not easily be raised until the fifties, when fertilizers became readily available. On the other hand agricultural productivity could be increased by the mechanization and labor now agricultural surpluses could be diverted to industry. Potentially there are no conflicts by increasing the investment needed for industrialization and mass consumption growing.Both can increase at the same time. For an Allen wrench for the period 1928-1939 was the use of budget "soft" constraints. Instead of basing the number of workers on simple constraints, constantly raising goals and increasing demand for workers would increase growth enough that it would compensate for deviations from the strict accounting. Collectivization contribution to this process has not been increased agricultural production, in fact, it has dropped dramatically. Instead he encouraged, or rather forced, the rural exodus and the growth of the industry.Rather ironic that the mass slaughter of horses in protest against collectivization has not been a complete disaster, as it turned from a grain rather "inefficient" animals. At the same time the Soviet Union, benefiting from a slower population growth. Much of this, of course, is the result of the Stalinist terror, although nearly three times more important was the result of the Second World War. But more important was the fertility transition relatively quickly. it was more like India's former Soviet Union have had a 1989 population of 825 million euros.Allen will then discuss the standards of living from 1928 to 1939. They seem to increase during this period. Previous studies suggested that they have declined or stagnated, but Allen makes the reasonable argument that the evidence they used miscalculated the effect of inflation and the Rural-Urban migration.So well, all is well. But there are problems. Allen's book is based on secondary literature and all Soviet statistics are provisional.Allen will then asserting that Stalin's industrial strategy was more effective than any continuation of the NEP, but not more efficient to justify the loss of lives in the famine. This is not an unreasonable argument or inhuman. On the other hand, it would have been much more effective than a standard single capitalist. This argument is based on complex computer simulations, which are difficult to read, and even more difficult to verify. Since the Soviet Union would have been radically different if it had not followed the strategy of Stalin in 1929, simulation models Allen seems too simple.The last chapter deals with the decline of the Soviet economy after 1970. Allen defines several crucial mistakes: attempts to upgrade the old factories where he was most productive to create new, energy production increases with illusory success is prohibitively expensive, so it would have been wiser to increase conservation, the harmfulness of budget constraints in a time of shortage of work, and finally, the diversion of research and development in the army. These are interesting suggestions, we will see how they play on.
Source: Farm to Factory: A Reinterpretation of the Soviet Industrial ...

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